Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis,23,24 and vascular cells have been implicated in this process.23 In addition, transcriptional memory can lead to faster and greater signal-dependent transcription of disease-related genes.25,26 To simulate diabetes-induced low-grade inflammation, we exposed DB-patient iPSCs-derived VOs to high glucose (33 mM) and low concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (1 ng/mL of TNF-a and IL-6) to induce pathological pathways. Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.