INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: With regard to the incretins, especially GLP-1, which is a promising therapeutic agent, their role in inducing the proliferation and preventing the apoptosis of β-cells during obesity has been established (Fusco et al., 2017), both through the mechanism of stimulation of insulin secretion and through direct stimulation of β-cell replication, which can be enhanced thanks to a joint effect of incretin hormones and dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) inhibitors (Ackeifi et al., 2020).