LPA and ischemic stroke: Finally, the observed high prevalence of any CVD, CAD, stroke, HF, and carotid stenosis among our patients with abnormally elevated Lp(a) aligns with findings of previous studies reporting a 5-fold risk of CAD, 1.7-fold risk of carotid stenosis, 1.6-fold risk of ischemic stroke, and 1.5- to 2-fold risk of HF in individuals with the highest vs. lowest Lp(a) concentrations (1).