Given our recent findings that immune responses during human craniotomy infection are highly conserved with the mouse model at the cellular and transcriptional levels (manuscript in revision) and despite the reported association between anti-TNF biologic use and an increased risk of S. aureus infection [22], our findings suggest that the biofilm features of S. aureus during craniotomy infection may circumvent a negative outcome in this regard, although this remains highly speculative. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.