TNF and glioma: Some strategies havebeen explored to mitigate the effect in thetumors of the overexpressed IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and othercytokine precursor genes that are directly correlated with a poorprognosis in patients.53,54 Particularly, among the severalinflammatory mediators that regulate GBM, the upregulation of IL-6has been strongly correlated with glioma grade and overall decreasedpatient survival.55 The upregulation ofthe gene and production of IL-6 occurs in several cells of the TME,including macrophages and GBM cells, in response to an inflammatorystimulus (e.g., trauma, cancer).