GPT and diabetes mellitus: In the subgroup analysis (S6 Table), a consistent association between AST/ALT ratio and global cognitive performance was observed in specific demographic groups, including males, individuals ≥ 70 years, those of other Hispanic and non-Hispanic White ethnicity, individuals with a higher education level, moderate physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smokers and former smokers, and those with hypertension and diabetes (P for trend < 0.05).