TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: It was demonstrated that immune cells (such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils) were involved in the emergence and development of DN, and that maintaining the immune homeostasis of these cells reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha-like (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), thereby ameliorating the progression of DN (9–12).