TNF and neoplasm: This is advantageous for BCa cells (Yamaguchi et al., 2008) as although the adipocytes traditionally are passive cells involved only in energy storage and release, the CAAs (Rybinska et al., 2021) actively support tumor cell survival, growth, and metastatic dissemination by secreting various signaling molecules and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (Wu et al., 2019; Rybinska et al., 2020).