Furthermore, the observed alterations in SOX9 expression in NSCLC cells after miR mimics transfection in vitro, as well as in the in vivo model following the injection of hBMSCs-derived exosomes with upregulated miR-145-5p, collectively indicate that SOX9 is intricately involved in the regulatory effects of exosomal miR-145-5p on NSCLC progression. Here, SOX9 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.