TNF and malaria: This study has demonstrated that complicated (severe) malaria is associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ] and tumor necrotic factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and immune cell ratios (neutrophil lymphocyte ration [NLR] and monocyte lymphocyte ratio [MLR]), but lower level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10 [IL-10]) than uncomplicated malaria.