ALDH9A1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: To further elucidate the functional significance of IQGAP2 in the tumor suppressor role of ALDH9A1 in ccRCC, we introduced shRNA to achieve stable silencing of IQGAP2 in A498 and CAKI-1 cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 11A–C), accompanied by transfection with ALDH9A1 overexpression lentivirus or control.