Primary care health professionals should proactively discuss prostate cancer risk, PSA testing, and the wider diagnostic pathway with men aged ≥45 years at higher-than-average risk of prostate cancer owing to any of the following:○ Black ethnicity;○ a family history of prostate cancer; and○ confirmed to have genetic risk factors that increase their risk of developing prostate cancer, for example, BRCA2 gene variations. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate cancer.