Panellists also highlighted that in men with prostate cancer and a PSA of 3–19 ng/mL the risk of dying from prostate cancer, as shown in ProtecT, was <3%.5 Consensus was not reached on whether repeat PSA tests are required in men with a PSA above threshold, before referral, to rule out other causes of a raised PSA, such as urinary tract infection. Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.