In a case-control study, gene expression measurement of IL-12 P40, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) who responded and those who did not respond to meglumine antimoniate treatment showed a significant increase in Th1 cytokines (IL-12 P40, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) in the responsive group and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the non-responsive group (20). This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and cutaneous leishmaniasis.