Specifically, TLR4 can recognize LPS in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulate the expression of CXCL1 in hepatocytes, activate the JNK/MAPK signal transduction, and promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells, which is conducive to the formation of immunosuppressive TME (39). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and hepatocellular carcinoma.