The protumor activities of TNF are multifaceted, involving the modulation of the TME to favor cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis.324 This includes the induction of angiogenesis, a process crucial for tumor growth and metastasis, whereby TNF stimulates the formation of new blood vessels, ensuring a steady supply of nutrients and oxygen to rapidly growing tumors.325. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.