TGFB1 and neoplasm: Currently, several strategies for blocking these cytokines have been developed, encompassing neutralizing antibodies, bispecific antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, cytokine traps, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and polypeptides.3 Some cytokine antagonists, like anti-TGF-β and anti-VEGF antibodies, have shown significant promise in augmenting various immunotherapies, particularly ICB, and alleviating treatment resistance.22,23 It is essential to note that most cytokines exhibit versatility, playing diverse roles during different stages of tumor development.