Lastly, the phase II trial (NCT01767194) explored the I/T/DIN/GM-CSF regimen (irinotecan, temozolomide, dintuximab, and GM-CSF) for patients with relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma, confirming its significant antitumor efficacy.646 Out of 53 patients, 22 (41.5%) achieved objective responses, with another 22 maintaining stable disease.646 This regimen showed a one-year PFS rate of 67.9% and an OS rate of 84.9% with a tolerable safety profile, prompting further research into its application in frontline treatments and the exploration of predictive biomarkers.646. Here, CSF2 is linked to neuroblastoma.