TNF and neoplasm: Preclinical studies have revealed that TNF hinders the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes and tumors through TNFR-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD) in CD8+ T cells.326 Moreover, TNF undermines the antitumor activity of NK cells by upregulating TIM-3 and downregulating NKp46.327,328 Furthermore, TNF promotes Treg proliferation and suppressive functions, which in turn dampens the overall immune response against tumors.