HP and vascular dementia: In the context of vascular dementia in diabetic patients, urine proteomic analysis has validated certain protein markers (including Haptoglobin (HP), Serpin domain-containing protein (SERPIND), ATP Synthase Peripheral Stalk-Membrane Subunit B (ATP5PB), Vanin 2 (VNN2), Complement C6 (C6), among others) using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method [15].