TPI1 and giardiasis: To better assess the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis and to differentiate mixed infections of assemblages, high-resolution multilocus genotyping analysis has been widely used to characterize G. duodenalis isolates from humans and animals by sequencing a number of genes with intrapopulation variants, including the genes for β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) [15, 16].