VEGFA and neoplasm: TACE, a widely employed locoregional treatment for intermediate-stage HCC, could effectively reduce tumor burden by targeted arterial embolization and directly killing tumor cells, but on the other side, the hypoxic microenvironment leading by TACE procedure triggers the upregulation of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), thereby promotes tumor angiogenesis and metastasis [32].