TLR4 and Hepatic fibrosis: Among them, TLR4 has been studied extensively, and PAMPs such as LPS can bind to TLR4, activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, upregulating inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inducing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, and promoting extracellular matrix synthesis, leading to liver fibrosis progression (Mridha et al. 2017).