In this regard, previous studies showed that the presence of F. nucleatum in the intestines of people with CRC stimulates the inflammatory response, which leads to the ROS production, the release of inflammatory factors such as COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα from the cells of the TME, and epigenetic changes in cancer cells [42, 73]. Here, IL1B is linked to cancer.