TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: Clinically, MSCs have been used to treat liver diseases,[65] diabetes mellitus,[66] and peripheral nerve injuries.[67] Relevant research has discovered that TGF-β helps MSCs protect nerve regeneration.[68] With more special functions of MSCs being discovered, the effectiveness of MSCs in treating SCI has been proven, and the question of how to improve their efficacy further remains to be addressed.