APP and Alzheimer disease: Examine distinctions among healthy mice, CD44 knockout models (Due to this knockout model’s commercial availability and minimal off-target effects), and amyloid-based AD models like APP/PS1, to understand the ramifications of GCX impairment in contrast to the traditional neurocentric manifestation of AD, particularly concerning AD-related neurovascular dysfunction (Protin et al., 1999; McKallip et al., 2002).