SDC1 and ulcerative colitis: This result is similar to that by Zhang et al. [26] in mucosal sections of patients with ulcerative colitis, as well as the findings of Andrian et al. [9] in gingival epithelial cells, which may be related to the presence of lipopolysaccharide in GVS and AVS, promoting matrix metalloproteinase expression and enhancing the shedding of SDC-1.