Terminal propeptide of CNP(NT-proCNP), protein S100β(an astrocytic marker protein indicating blood brain barrier disruption and neuronal injury), and neuron-specific enolase(NSE) or neurofilament, are biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, microglial activation, and brain injury with axonal damage, respectively [98,99]. The gene discussed is CNP; the disease is endothelial dysfunction.