The cAMP/PKA-CREB signaling pathway, which regulates the synthesis and release of DA and NE, has been shown to be a key target for the treatment of ADHD (Nishi et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2021) and is downregulated in SHR brain tissue (Zhou et al., 2017). Here, CREB1 is linked to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.