Primary states include conditions such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in antithrombin, protein C, or protein S. Secondary states include atrial fibrillation, malignancy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, antiphospholipid syndrome, cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, high estrogen levels, sickle cell anemia, and smoking. The gene discussed is PROS1; the disease is sickle cell disease.