The previous studies indicated that, in lung cancer [25] and renal cell carcinoma [26] patients receiving ICI therapy, CD8 + T cells with effector-like phenotypes (HLA-DR+, CD38+) proliferated, while HLA-DR + CD3 + T cells increase after ICI therapy across various types of tumors [27], aligning with our results. This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and lung cancer.