Therefore, we examined the upregulation of 7 GBP family members, HMGB1, and RAGE (Supplemental Figure 4A) and found that GBP3 and GBP6 were upregulated in HFD+CKD versus CKD and HFD+CKD versus CKD, respectively, which may contribute to HFD+CKD-promoted LPS endocytosis and cytosolic LPS activation of CASP4/11. Here, HMGB1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.