Tregs suppress anti-tumor immune responses by producing inhibitory cytokines like TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-35.122 Certain bacterial species can induce the development of Tregs, which further enhances this immunosuppressive environment, e.g., by suppressing effector T cell activity, and helps the tumor evade immune surveillance.123 Clinically, the presence of Tregs in the TME is associated with poor prognosis and reduced effectiveness of chemotherapy.122,124. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.