Notably, recombinant VEGF effectively activated VEGFR/MAPK signaling, promoting the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs, and the effects were further amplified by the addition of exosomes derived from HCC cells with elevated GP73 expression (Fig. S7C and Fig. 7H to J). The gene discussed is KDR; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.