Opsonophagocytic activity mediated by C3 or C3b has been reported to be enhanced in TB caused by either M. tuberculosis (36) or Mycobacterium bovis in wild boar, suggesting a role in bacterial clearance, which may be due to the production of IL-1β and other cytokines by innate immune cells, stimulating the production of C3 (37). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and tuberculosis.