Compared to their without malnutrition exposure risk counterparts, the with malnutrition exposure risk group exhibited significantly elevated levels of SHBG and HbA1c and reduced C-peptide, triglycerides, uric acid, hemoglobin, IGF-1, AST, ALT, weight, BMI, albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin. Here, GPT is linked to nutritional deficiency disease.