These findings, in part, mirror previous studies in the USA, India, Australia, and Kenya indicating that age, low dietary intake of calcium, CD4 + T cells, viral load, opioid dependence and markers of liver injury, such as alanine aminotransferase, ALP and hypoalbuminaemia in PLHIV HAART-experienced non-injecting drug users and PWID [4, 6, 14, 49, 50]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and opiate dependence.