However, a combination of seven biomarkers in BAL fluid and serum, the so-called Bioscore (BALF/blood ratio monocyte surface TREM-1 and monocyte surface CD11b, BALF sTREM-1, IL-8 and IL-1β, and serum CRP and IL-6) correctly identified 88.9% of VAP cases and 100% of non-VAP cases [57] but study replication is still lacking. This evidence concerns the gene TREM1 and ventilator-associated pneumonia.