Interestingly, in non‐PAP patients with NTM lung disease, it was found that the mean anti‐GM‐CSF antibody, anti‐IFNγ antibody, and total IgG were higher than controls, suggesting the possibility that even in those without autoimmune PAP, higher levels of anti‐GM‐CSF antibody (and anti‐IFNγ antibody) may play a role in increasing the vulnerability to NTM lung disease (Kim et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.