Though not historically considered major cytokine producers, neutrophils do also produce a range of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF, IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, CXCL8, and CXCL9/10, which contribute to shaping the inflammatory response to infection (178, 186–189). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.