At sites of infection, neutrophils are activated by a variety of signals, including recognition of bacterial PAMPs by PRRs, as previously mentioned; cytokines and chemokines, such as CXCL8, which in addition to mediating neutrophil migration, also activates neutrophil effector functions such as degranulation and respiratory burst; and opsonins such as complement proteins and antibodies, which tag bacteria for phagocytosis (179, 180). The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is infection.