MDM4 and brain neoplasm: During this procedure, SNUH utilized NGS with a brain tumour-targeted gene panel, identifying the TPM3::NTRK1 fusion, amplification of MDM4/AKT3, and one-copy loss of PTEN/FGFR2, leading to the diagnosis of the tumour as HGG, not otherwise specified (NOS), according to the WHO2021 criteria.