Lung fibroblasts from COPD patients had significantly higher release of MCP-1 (p = 0.007,  Fig. 4c), and tendency towards lower release of RANTES (p = 0.062,  Fig. 4d) compared to lung fibroblasts from control subjects at basal conditions (normoxia) (Fig. 4). Here, CCL2 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.