CD9 and posterior cortical atrophy: Notably, CD9 plays a pivotal role in facilitating the fusion of exosome membrane structures with target cells, enhancing the cellular delivery of therapeutic agents, whereas CD47 acts as a shield against phagocytosis by the immune system [17, 18].This strategic use of exosomes from urine samples not only improves practicality but also enhances their efficacy in PCa applications.