INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Our results indicated that the administration of STZ-induced T1DM mice with sodium citrate buffer, insulin and adoptively transferred dBMCs significantly increased the serum level of TNF-α comparing to that in naive mice received sodium citrate buffer (130.47 ± 2.21 pg/ml, 73.50 ± 5.42 pg/ml, 28.73 ± 1.61 pg/ml and 58.80 ± 4.06 pg/ml, respectively versus 25.07 ± 0.78 pg/ml) (Fig. 4B).