Furthermore, the treatment of STZ-induced T1DM mice with sodium citrate buffer or insulin significantly elevated the level of insulin autoantibodies (IAA), comparing to that in naive mice received sodium citrate buffer (61.07 ± 1.88 pg/mg and 22.20 ± 1.40 pg/mg, respectively versus 12.63 ± 83 pg/mg) (Fig. 5B). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.