INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Our findings align with previous studies by Gianani et al. [38] and Sue et al. [39], which reported that autoimmune diabetes is characterized by the presence of anti-islet antibodies (ICA), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (anti-GAD antibodies), and anti-insulin antibodies, all of which are strongly associated with the development of T1DM.