CUL1 and melanoma: In the PPI network, we observed significant connectivity among various proteins, including CUL1, PRKDC, DLG4, VAV2, FLNC, UBR5, MAST3, SRSF1, and SIN3B. CUL1, known to regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and metastasis, has been associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, lung, and breast cancer26,27.