In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, ketoconazole downregulates the expression of COX2, thereby triggering PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy to enhance apoptosis, downregulate BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1 and upregulate BAX and BAK [25] (Fig. 3). Here, BAK1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.