The frequency of effector Tregs cluster 4 (CCR7+CTLA4+ICOS+CD38hi) was higher in HW+ Flores residents compared to the average of post-infection CHHIL time points (4 to 104 WPI) (Fig. 3I, P = 0.029) and decreased after deworming (P = 0.021). This evidence concerns the gene ICOS and infection.