HLA-C and neoplasm: Through next-generation sequencing data of tumor genomes or transcriptomes compared to normal ones, neoantigens can be preliminarily predicted in silico.278 Subsequently, computational algorithms that analyze the binding affinity between MHC molecules and the predicted neoantigens/peptides are used to select optimal candidates.279,280 Following bioinformatic prediction, experimental validation should be conducted to assess the TCR recognition of the peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes using T cells derived from patients or healthy donors281,282 (Fig. 7).