Secondly, CAR-NK cells are safer than other cell therapies due to their short survival time, reducing damage to non-tumor cells, and lower risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS), as they produce mainly IFNγ and GM-CSF, which reduces the risk of CRS.176 Finally, CAR-NK cells are easier to produce for off-the-shelf use, as allogeneic NK cells do not express individual-specific TCR, and the risk of GVHD is much lower than that of allogeneic T cell therapy, making it more suitable for industrialization and large-scale production177 (Fig. 5a). Here, CSF2 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.