Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is the first US FDA-approved OV for patients with recurrent unresectable melanoma, improving the median overall survival to 23.3 months.315 It is derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and features an insertion of the human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene. Here, CSF2 is linked to melanoma.