REN and Hyperinsulinemia: A common pathogenetic pattern reflecting this disruption of physiological balance, found in all NCDs examined in these studies, includes dysregulation of glucose and oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis [characterized by OxS, IR and hyperinsulinemia] as well as dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the immune system.