TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Moreover, the increase in intra-abdominal fat due to obesity excessively stimulates adipose tissue, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL-6) by fat cells (Franceschi et al. 2002; Na et al. 2015; Frasca et al. 2017; Ghanemi et al. 2021; Frasca et al. 2023; Kang and Lee 2024).