TNF and atherosclerosis: Based on the KEGG pathway analysis results, upregulated DEGs were primarily involved in pathways such as NF-kappa B signaling, apoptosis, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, p53 signaling, cholesterol metabolism, TNF signaling, lysosome, ribosome, NOD-like receptor signaling, ferroptosis, lipid and atherosclerosis, among others (Fig. 1E).