ATAD1 and infection: Even one reported prior infection was sufficient to produce a positive anti-MSP1-19 IgG response for more than 5 months in the absence of reinfection at the study site [11], corroborating the claim that it is an optimal marker for malaria exposure [48], which is species-specific [49] despite the considerable homology in the gene sequences of MSP1-19 antigens of Plasmodium species [50].