ATAD1 and infection: The levels of IgG antibodies observed for the MSP1-19 protein for both species were robust and sensitive, including in PA, where no prevalence cases of P. falciparum were found by PCR, demonstrating the presence of low levels of parasite exposure in these communities, located 5–10 km from Iquitos [3], where the malaria transmission rate is less than 0.5 infection/person/year [3, 11].