PDCD1 and lung carcinoma: To further confirm the effect of CAFs and OLR1 on the in vivo growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells, we mixed H1299 cells with BEAS-2B, OLR1high, and OLR1low CAFs in a 1:1 ratio and injected them into C57 mice via the tail vein, followed by anti-PD-1 therapy (Fig. 3A).