In our study, treatment with α-Mangostin inhibited the TGF-β1-smad3 pathway in Ang II-induced HK-2 cells, which is consistent with previous findings showing that α-Mangostin attenuates cardiac and liver fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β-Smads pathway 31, 32. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.